From hospital, one’s caught the disease (8)
I believe the answer is:
shingles
'disease' is the definition.
(shingles is a kind of disease)
'from hospital one's caught' is the wordplay.
I cannot quite see how this works, but
'from' could be 'in' (I've seen this in other clues) and 'in' is located in the answer.
'hospital' could be 'h' (abbreviation for hospital) and 'h' is present in the answer.
This may be the basis of the clue (or it may be nonsense).
'the' acts as a link.
Can you help me to learn more?
(Other definitions for shingles that I've seen before include "Kind of roof-tiles, or painful disease with rash" , "Viral disease causing severe neuralgia" , "Herpes zoster" , "Painful virus disease or roof tiles" , "Infection" .)