Language that’s popular remains in Chinese dynasty and India (10)
I believe the answer is:
hindustani
'language' is the definition.
(I've seen this before)
'remains in chinese dynasty and india' is the wordplay.
'remains' becomes 'dust' (dust can mean a person's remains).
'in' is an insertion indicator.
'chinese dynasty' becomes 'hina' (I can't explain this - if you can you should believe this answer much more).
'and' becomes 'n' (common abbreviation for 'and').
'india' becomes 'i' (phonetic alphabet: alpha, bravo, charlie etc.).
'dust' going within 'hina' is 'hindusta'.
'hindusta'+'n'+'i'='HINDUSTANI'
'that's popular' is the link.
I am not very happy about this link. Some or all of it may be part of another bit of the clue.
Can you help me to learn more?
(Other definitions for hindustani that I've seen before include "tongue" , "Converting device" , "Language" , "Dialect of Hindi" , "Indians" .)