Patience I lost, going mad: a rage (9)
I believe the answer is:
solitaire
'patience' is the definition.
('solitaire' can be a synonym of 'patience')
'i lost going mad a rage' is the wordplay.
'going mad' indicates anagramming the letters.
'rage' becomes 'ire' (I've seen this before**).
'i'+'lost'='ilost'
'ilost' is an anagram of 'solit'.
'solit'+'a'+'ire'='SOLITAIRE'
(Other definitions for solitaire that I've seen before include "Gem set by itself" , "Card game for one player" , "American singer" , "One-gem ring; one-player game" , "[PATIENCE], especially in America" .)