Strip, having at last removed one's cloak (9)
I believe the answer is:
dismantle
'strip' is the definition.
('dismantle' can be a synonym of 'strip')
'at last removed one's cloak' is the wordplay.
'at last' indicates one should take the final letters.
'one's' becomes 'is' (roman numeral).
'cloak' becomes 'mantle' (mantle is a kind of cloak**).
The last letter of 'removed' is 'd'.
'd'+'is'+'mantle'='DISMANTLE'
'having' acts as a link.
(Other definitions for dismantle that I've seen before include "Undo" , "Strip down" , "strike" , "Take to bits" , "Take apart" .)